Associação entre a experiência esportiva no futsal e conhecimentos táticos declarativo e processual do futebol

Abstract

There are many similarities between futsal and soccer, and their practice requires levels of physical aptitude, technical skills, and peculiar tactics. In Brazil, the introduction to futsal occurs early, which somehow, can influence the later practice of soccer. In this context, the present study aimed to verify the association between the sporting experience in futsal and the declarative and procedural tactical knowledge of soccer. This study is of a quantitative nature with a cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design. As a reference population, 529 soccer athletes from the grassroots categories of the state of Paraná with ages between 18 and 20 were selected in the year of 2018. Four soccer clubs from the state of Paraná, which were selected through convenience sampling, participated in the study. One club from the first division, one from the second division, one from the fourth division, and one club that only played the state’s league. For that, official games from the championship (paranaense), where the participants have played before, were selected. The sample calculation of power was performed a priori, through G-power software, an alpha error of 0.05 and a power of 0.95, resulting in a sample of 70 athletes. For the data collection, the following procedure was used: 1) Sports history questionnaire and sócio-demographic information; 2) Evaluation of declarative tactical knowledge; 3) Evaluation of procedural tactical knowledge. The questionnaire to identify the athlete’s sports history: time practicing soccer and futsal, competitive level of practice in futsal, starting age in soccer and futsal, club that currently plays for. To evaluate the declarative tactical knowledge (DTK), a test of declarative tactical knowledge (TDTK) was used, which consisted of 20 questions illustrated with videos of 6 to 10 seconds in duration. The videos contained actions and technical and tactical movements selected from games of the Brazilian Soccer Championship in the years of 2011 to 2013. This instrument evaluates the athlete’s declarative tactical knowledge and the athlete can score a maximum of 1900. The instrument was applied in the participant clubs’ training centers, in projection rooms provided by the club itself with an average time of 40 minutes per session. To evaluate the tactical behavior, a protocol of individual tactical performance evaluation (PADTI), which analyzes the offensive and defensive tactical principles frequencies in a formal and official game situation, was used. Based on the fundamental tactical principles, an evaluation of the occurrence of Offensive Tactical Principles was made. According to the proposal, the tool analyzes the athletes’ actions during the game frame by frame, in other words, each movement made by the athletes. The present study considered as an analysis criteria, only the phase of the analyzed games. Initially the athletes were invited to answer the sports history questionnaire and right after they were evaluated for Declarative Tactical Knowledge. In a room provided by the club, equipped with a multimedia projector, the researcher explained how the evaluation would be to the athletes that were given 1 minute and 30 seconds to answer each question. Right after, the technical committee of the participant clubs, granted the digital file of a game, that was chosen randomly, in which the participant athletes played. In this case, 29 athletes that participated in the analyzed games were identified. From those images, the tactical behavior of the athletes in a game situation were analyzed using the PADTI protocol. This way, the analysts of each 90 minute game, demanded a time of approximately 9 hours. The data were collected and stored through the PADTI spreadsheet. Initially, descriptive analysis were performed and then a comparison was made using the scores obtained by the athletes considering the sports experience. Using the independent t test and Anova one way for the data with parametric distribution and the U-Man Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test for the non-parametric distribution. The Pearson correlation test was used to verify the relationship between TCTD and CTP. To correct the Anova one way and Kruskal-Wallis results, the post-hoc de Bonferroni was used. All the analysis were conducted in the SPSS 20.0 statistic software, considering a significance level of p<0.05. Significant differences were found when comparing the clubs’ level in relation to TCTD to the total sample p=0.04. For the analyses with the subsample, there was a significant difference in the PADTI indexes such as the performance index (PI) p=0.04, the actions performed per minute (ANRM) p=0.04, and actions not performed per minute (ARM) P=0.03. After the post-roc de Bonferroni, it was observed, only in ID, a significant difference of p=0.04 for the subsample values. We also found a significant difference in the superior defense sector to the attack sector in the variable ARM p=0.034. In conclusion, for athletes in the state of Paraná, there is no significant difference for a better performance in athletes with more experience in futsal than for athletes with less experience in futsal. But we can verify a significant difference in the level of the current club and the sector which can influence in the tactical performance of the athletes.