Anarquismo individualista e filosofias da natureza: análise da revista espanhola Estudios (1928-1937)

Abstract

In this paper, I assume the theoretical-methodological premise that interprets science and technology as historically and socially situated practices, recognizing that there is no separation between science and politics, since one dimension feeds the other. I understand, therefore, that different worldviews will also constitute different conceptions of science and technology. Thus, based on the typology established by Michael Löwy and Robert Sayre about romanticism, I consider that in the criticisms they invested against capitalist society and in the practical proposals they made with the intention of building other ways of living, the Spanish anarchist journal Estudios’ (1928-1937) writers and illustrators approach romantic thought. This work aimed, from selected articles of the journal, to identify affinities – between the individualistic anarchism under construction by the journal and the romantic worldview – that converge to the constitution of philosophies of nature based on libertarian romanticism. The journal’s contributors pointed to a concept of nature in constant transformation and the search for balance. This conception would be allied to the ideas of evolution and revolution present in the journal’s discussions, in which mutual support and freedom would be considered factors of evolution and emancipation of humanity. From these reflections, the anarchists pointed to practices that corresponded to the natural movements and the ideal of libertarian society, passing through the issues of Neomalthusianism and eugenics, free love and sexuality, education, scientific and technological dissemination, naturism and vegetarianism, economics, anationalism, antimilitarism and the arts. The journal also cared about the constitution of libertarian bodies and subjectivities. Through the press, workers not only disseminated scientific knowledge – according to their political assumptions – but also made it possible to reflect and build new knowledge. Understanding that domination of nature is related to domination among humans, anarchists assumed the premise of the need to establish another relationship with the natural environment, starting from a life in harmony with nature and the building of a new one morality that would allow new social and economic relations to be established.