Ferramentas de biologia molecular aplicadas na detecção do HPV: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted viral infection frequently associated with conditions such as genital warts and, in more severe cases, cervical cancer. As one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, early detection of HPV is essential to reduce the risk of complications, particularly in cases caused by oncogenic types. Molecular biology techniques have emerged as important tools in this process, offering greater accuracy and sensitivity compared to traditional screening methods, such as the Pap smear. Although the Pap smear is widely used to identify cellular changes associated with HPV, it has limitations regarding sensitivity and the ability to detect specific viral types. On the other hand, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybrid capture, and microarrays allow for more specific detection of high-risk HPV types, making them crucial for monitoring patients at increased risk of developing cervical cancer. PCR, in particular, stands out as one of the most effective methodologies due to its speed and high sensitivity, enabling the identification of small amounts of viral DNA. This study adopts a bibliographic review methodology, analyzing scientific articles and recent research to assess and compare the different molecular approaches available, evaluating their effectiveness, advantages, and limitations. Techniques such as hybrid capture and microarrays also make important contributions, especially in distinguishing between high-risk and lowrisk HPV types. However, challenges such as high costs and limited access to these technologies still restrict their widespread application. The study’s main objective is to analyze the primary molecular techniques used for HPV detection, focusing on accuracy and clinical applicability, particularly in the early diagnosis of oncogenic types. Specific objectives include reviewing the most effective methodologies, comparing their characteristics, and evaluating the advantages and limitations of each. The research concludes that all molecular techniques are essential for diagnosing and managing HPV infections. Implementing public policies that ensure access to these technologies, along with the constant methodological improvement, is crucial to ensuring early detection of the virus and preventing cervical cancer. This strategy can significantly contribute to reducing the incidence of the disease and improving global public health.