Zoneamento de risco agroclimático para espécies frutíferas na Bacia do Rio Paraná 3

Abstract

The Paraná state, South of Brazil, has a key importance and relevant economic potential for the agriculture and livestock of Brazil. The advanced agronomic and conservationist technical are significant to increase the agricultural production in this state. For this scenario, fruticulture is one of the key Brazilian agricultural segments, being Brazil has climatic conditions for cultivation of fruits. Presents a continuous evolution of production, exhibiting the growing internal and external demand, and also for social aspects, contributing for the agriculture family or small farmers. Despite the recent technological and scientific advances, the climate is still the most important variable for the agricultural production, even in developed countries. Papers that exhibit the climatic variability and the impact on the physiological development of the species are fundamental for the planning and agricultural calendar, aiming at the conservation of natural resources and a sustainable agricultural management for a conservationist production. For sustainable agriculture, the agroclimatic risk zoning is one of the first information to be considered and has a key importance to crops success, since it provides valuable sources on meteorological risks; exhibits the recommended periods for sowing and shows the water availability. Thus, the purpose of this work was to perform agroclimatic risk zoning for fruit species in the basin of Paraná River III, which included the species: avocado tree (Persea americana), pineapple (Ananas comosus), banana tree (musa sp), guava tree (Psidium guajava L.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), papaya (Carica papaya L.), mango (Mangifera indica), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and grapes rustic (Vitis vinifera). Though the agroclimatic zoning is possible to recommend and choose precisely the area for the crops; to determinate the periods of sowing and harvest and to indicate the climatic risks for each fruit specie. For this, meteorological data from 43 stations, from 1976 to 2018, were used. The analysis of agroclimatic risk was based on the edaphoclimatic requirements of each species, using the meteorological elements of temperature, frost, rainfall precipitations, insolation, thermal sum and relative humidity. Were applied statistical and geoprocessing techniques, such as regressions and interpolations to ensure full regional coverage of information and contribute to decision-making for the agriculture, in addition to climatic factors that can interfere in the climatic variability of the area, such as latitude, longitude and altitude. A significant discrepancy was identified in all the meteorological variables analyzed even though it is a relatively small area in the Paraná state. As it is located in a climatic transition region, the entire area exhibits agricultural aptitude and potential for the cultivation of fruit species. Thus, promoting considerable biodiversity for the area and greater security for farmers, aiming at the possibility of obtaining financing and agricultural credit through zoning. Spatially it was observed that the region on the edge of the Paraná river, with lower altitudes, presented greater aptitude for most of the tropical fruits. The altimetry factor ensured higher temperatures, and less risk of frost, even though it is a relatively drier area, close to the rest of the basin. Rainfall precipitations and water balance are sufficient in all scenarios studied. Risks of frost was the meteorological element that most limits the fruticulture in area of study. All studied areas in the basin of Paraná River III presented risk of frost, which restricts the cultivation of fruits in higher altitudes, at the region of the municipality of Cascavel. The combination of the rainiest period of the year and the longest time for the development of the species before the risk of the first frost, resulted in the recommendation of planting the species for the beginning of spring, in the month of October.