A história da investigação dos buracos negros

Abstract

Among the discoveries made in the search for knowledge through centuries of studies, we have an object belonging to the Universe responsible for contradicting much of this knowledge obtained. The assumption of the existence of black holes comes from the theory of relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1915. This theory manages to describe the Universe in a general way as a four-dimensional fabric called space-time, which is formed by three spatial dimensions, width, height and depth, together with time. According to Einstein (1916), matter curves space-time, modifying its trajectory and that of objects that pass close to massive bodies. Briefly, Einstein (1916) managed to describe the behavior of planets, stars and even his theory still allowed the existence of black holes (ALMEIDA, 2021). In this way, we aim to identify and explore some of the mathematical knowledge that commonly permeates studies on black holes in the theory of general relativity, in order to answer the question proposed for this study, being "How mathematics contributes to proving the existence of black holes”?”. The present study with an exploratory-investigative character values in its essence the stage of historical theoretical development on the subject, focusing on the mathematical equations, and a possible approach from the understanding and response to the introductory idea of the structural composition of black holes, starting from of theoretical formulations in this regard, based on Einstein's theory (general relativity). From the analyzes carried out, we seek to improve the understanding of the topic addressed, thus proposing to popularize the subject and possibly arouse the interest of more people to contribute to this significant study, improving the understanding of black holes in the Universe. The research method will be exploratory, with the objective of providing greater familiarity with the mathematical equations and the introductory part of the theory related to the subject of study, aiming at understanding through bibliographic research in scientific articles and books on the subject. Finally, it is possible to conclude how significant mathematics is to theoretical studies and assumptions, which, in this case, demonstrated the existence of an object even before it was visually proven in 2019.